30.3 Generation of Lignocellulosic and Starchy Wastes

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printing inks, sealants, adhesives [10]. Butanol is also used as plasticizers, chemical

intermediate for hydraulic fluids and detergent formulations [11]. The industrial uti-

lization of butanol for the synthesis of variety of solvents and chemical intermediate

is shown in Figure 30.1.

The physiochemical characteristics of biobutanol are identical to petroleum

derived gasoline; therefore biobutanol can be used as a substitution for petroleum

derived gasoline with 10% lesser energy content [12]. At the beginning of twenty-first

century biobutanol gained importance as an excellent sustainable biofuel derived

from the plant materials such as starch and lignocellulose thus increasing the

consumption of biobutanol in the transportation and aviation industry. As per the

International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, the total sales of pas-

senger and commercial vehicles in 2016 were increased by 3% in 2017. The increase

in sales of vehicles leads to greater consumption of motor fuels, which in turn drives

the market for bio-butanol as a renewable transport fuel. The Biofuel Advisory

Council of European Union (BACE) aimed that the butanol usage in transportation

sector has to increase by 25% by 2030 [3]. The Energy Independence and Security

Act (EISA) of USA predicted that use of renewable fuel in transportation sector will

grow to 36 billion gallon in 2022. Today several countries have started imposing ban

on internal combustion engine run on fossil fuel. At the end of 2018 London, Paris,

Mexico City, and Athens declared banning of the diesel cars and vans by 2025. The

Government of India (GOI) has also reconfirmed their plans to go full ballistic for

renewable fuel by 2030 [13]. This aforementioned initiation by these countries will

increase the future demand for butanol in the market.

Biobutanol production through fermentation suffers great disadvantages such as

cost of production, low product yield, sluggish fermentation and inhibition caused

by end product, further making it difficult to run ABE fermentation in commercial

scale. The decrease in quality and quantity of molasses due to improved sugar

processing technology has also hampered the butanol production by fermentation

[6]. To overcome these fermentation difficulties several studies have been laid out

to improve the butanol yield and productivity for more economical ABE production

process. The production cost is also reduced by selecting less expensive and free

feedstock and exploring cost efficient processing method for ABE fermentation [14].

The widespread applications of biobutanol in transportation and industrial sec-

tor have seen significant growth in the global biobutanol market. As per the global

market report, the worldwide annual production volume of biobutanol is 5 billion

liter and is expected to cross 22 billion liter by 2022 [15]. Butanol currently holds an

annual market of more than US$ 6 billion and is expected to reach US$ 18 billion

by 2020 due to growing fuel needs. In recent years in Asia Pacific region, the coun-

tries like China, Japan, and India are the largest consumer of biobutanol due to the

growing industrialization and transportation sector.

30.3

Generation of Lignocellulosic and Starchy Wastes

Lignocellulose and starch are the largest abundant natural resources underutilized

material in the earth. Lignocellulose waste consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and